HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images. The F-35 Lightning II was designed without a HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD. Many modern fighters (such as the F/A-18, F-16, and Eurofighter) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. These include helmet-mounted displays (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that feature a display element that moves with the orientation of the user's head. Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also head-mounted displays (HMDs). the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit. The computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a beam splitter) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity. This setup (a design that has been around since the invention of the reflector sight in 1900) produces an image where the light is collimated, i.e.
The projection unit in a typical HUD is an optical collimator setup: a convex lens or concave mirror with a cathode-ray tube, light emitting diode display, or liquid crystal display at its focus. HUD mounted in a PZL TS-11 Iskra jet trainer aircraft with a glass plate combiner and a convex collimating lens just below itĪ typical HUD contains three primary components: a projector unit, a combiner, and a video generation computer.
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